CXC CSEC Social Studies exam guide - Section C3: Tourism

Definition of the following concepts:

(a) tourism (international, regional domestic),

(b) excursionist (cruise passenger, other),

(c) tourism sector (direct, indirect),

(d) economic linkage,

(e) economic leakage,

(f) tourism product,

(g) nature tourism,

(h) sports tourism,

(i) health tourism,

(j) heritage tourism,

(k) all inclusive,

(l) time share,

(m) marketing tourism,

(n) home porting,

(o) Host country,

(p) supply country.

Types of tourism products:

(a)sans, sea, sun, nature or eco tourism

(b) Health tourism;

(c) Sports tourism;

(d) Cultural or heritage tourism,

(e) music festivals

(f) special events

Factors that influence the development of tourism in the:

(a) host country:

(i) accessibility;

(ii) availability, cost and the quality of tourist services;

(iii) perception of safety and security;

(iv) political stability;

(v) infrastructure, especially sanitation and water supply, roads, air and sea ports;

(b) supply country;

(i) effectiveness of promotion;

(ii) marketing;

(iii) accessibility;

(iv) cost and availability of transportation

Tourism and the Commonwealth Caribbean economy:

(a) foreign exchange earnings, income and expenditure;

(b) direct employment such as hotel workers;

(c)indirect employment through linkages with other sectors of the economy (agriculture, craft, transportation and other ancillary services);

(d) government revenue (taxes on hotels departure taxes, restaurant licenses, head tax);

(e) relationships between expenditure on infrastructure in resort areas and elsewhere in the country;

(f) effect of tourism development on availability of land and labour for agriculture.

Careers and opportunities in tourism:

(a) types of occupation: managerial clerical, administrative, professional, technical, unskilled;

(b) Conditions of employment: trade union membership, job security, opportunities for promotion, fringe benefits;

(c) qualifications needed;

(d) opportunities for training and entrepreneurship.

Tourism and the physical environment of the Commonwealth Caribbean:

(a) resort development and its effect on the aesthetic value of the local environment;

(b) changes in ecology, reefs and tidal patterns caused by land reclamation, sewage disposal, and pollution of water bodies - ocean, sea, rivers;

(c) tourism and conservation of flora, fauna, historical sites, role of the Caribbean Conservation Association, local national trusts and national parks.

Tourism and the socio-cultural environment in the Commonwealth Caribbean:

(a) effects on land ownership; land use; natural beauty and use of beaches;

(b)visitors' perception of Caribbean societies;

(c) Opportunities for visitors to meet Caribbean people;

(d) relationships between citizens and visitors, citizens and returning nationals;

(i) two way cultural exchange between citizen and visitor;

(ii) influence of lifestyles, language, dress and values;

(e) attitudes of citizens to tourism (indifference, alienation, enthusiasm)

(f) effects on artistic expression and other aspects of traditional culture.

(i)revitalization of local arts and crafts,

(ii) commercialization of local culture;

(g) government policies

(i) beach control, immigration regulations, hotels -closed or open to citizens;

(ii) land acquisition by non- nationals;

(iii) incentives for citizens to holiday in their country.

Evaluate government policies that influence the development of tourism;

Government policies that influence the development of tourism:

(a) meeting infrastructure requirements;

(b) providing a well-trained workforce;

(c) addressing environmental concerns;

(d) addressing social problems such as crime;

(e) creating a favourable investment climate;

(f) providing an overseas marketing and promotional presence in key markets (Tourism Boards, Departments, Bureaus, Ministries of Tourism).

Supportive services for tourism:

(a) role and function of:

(i) Hotel Associations, Tourist Boards, Departments, Bureaus and Ministers of Tourism;

(ii) Caribbean Tourism Organization;

(iii) Caribbean Hotel Association;

(iv) Hospitality training institutions.

(b) role of donor agencies - Caribbean Development Bank, European Union; Organization of American States and Canadian International Development Agency.

Challenges facing the tourism industry in the region:

(a) security of funding for investment;

(b) marketing;

(c) research;

(d) training;

(e) shortage of labour;

(f) water supply;

(g) global terrorism;

(h) lack of direct air access for major tourist-generating markets;

(i) emerging destinations;

(j) cruise ship policies.